一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn,
work,
stand,
lie,
know,
walk,
keep,
have,
wait,
watch,
sing,
read,
sleep,
live,
stay等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open,
close,
finish,
begin,
come,
go,
arrive,
reach,
get
to,
leave,
move,
borrow,buy等。
二、延续性动词的用法特征
1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有:for
two
years,
during
the
past
three
years,
since
last
year,
how
long等。如:i
have
learned
english
since
i
came
here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如:it
raind
at
eight
yesterday
morning.(误)
rain为延续性动词,而at
eight表示"点时间",前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助come,
begin,
get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为:it
began
to
rain
at
eight
yesterday
morning.(正)又如:
-when
did
you
get
to
know
jack?
-two
years
ago.
-then
you've
known
each
other
for
more
than
two
years.
-that's
right.
三、终止性动词的用法特征
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如:
the
train
has
arrived.火车到了。
have
you
joined
the
computer
group?你加入电脑小组了吗?
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如:
(1)他死了三年了。
误:he
has
died
for
three
years.
正:he
has
been
dead
for
three
years.
正:he
died
three
years
ago.
正:it
is
three
years
since
he
died.
正:three
years
has
passed
since
he
died.
(2)他来这儿五天了。
误:he
has
come
here
for
five
days.
正:he
has
been
here
for
five
days.
正:he
came
here
five
days
ago.
正:it
is
five
days
since
he
came
here.
正:five
days
has
passed
since
he
came
here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave→be
away,
borrow→keep,
buy→have,
begin/start→be
on,
die→be
dead,
move
to→live
in,
finish→be
over,
join→be
in/be
a
member
of,
open
sth.→keep
sth.
open,
fall
ill→be
ill,
get
up→be
up,
catch
a
cold→have
a
cold。
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(3)用句型"it
is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(4)用句型"时间+has
passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
he
hasn't
left
here
since
1986.
i
haven't
heard
from
my
father
for
two
weeks.
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till
..."的句型,意为"直到……才……"。如:
you
can't
leave
here
until
i
arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。
i
will
not
go
to
bed
until
i
finish
drawing
the
picture
tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如:
when
we
reached
london,
it
was
twelve
o'clock.
(reach为终止性动词)
please
look
after
my
daughter
while/when
we
are
away.
(be
away为延续性动词短语)
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how
long连用(只限于肯定式)。如:
误:how
long
have
you
come
here?
正:how
long
have
you
been
here?
正:when
did
you
come
here?
一、延续性动词
延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续,而且可以产生持久的影响。常见的这类动词有:be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等。延续性动词的用法很广,但常见于现在完成时中的句子中,且常与for,how,long,since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。例如:
1.I have learned more than 1,000 Chinese words since I came to China.
自从来到中国,我已经学会了l,000多个汉字。
2.We have lived in Linqing since we came here.自从来到这儿,我们就一直住在临清。
3.I have kept the picture for about three years.这张画我保存了大约三年。
二、终止性动词
终止性动词又称为瞬间动词或非延续性动词,它表示的动作不能延续,也就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束,并产生某种结果。常见的这类动词有:accept,arrive,become,begin,borrow,break,buy,catch,close,come,die,end,fall,finish,get,give,go,join,leave,put,reach,receive,shut,start,stop等。终止性动词用在现在完成时要注意下面三点:
(一)终止性动词可直接用来表示某一动作的完成。例如:
1.They have reached Shanghai.他们已经到达了上海。
2.Has he gone to London? 他已经到伦敦去了吗?
(二)终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续,所以,在现在完成时中一般不能和以since,for等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:
1.那老人已经死了一周了。The old man has died for a week.(误)
2.他三天前就已经来这儿了。He has come here since three days ago.(误)
在以上两句中,die和come都是终止性动词,可用于现在完成时,但不能与以
since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。那么,上面两个句子应该怎样译成英语呢?请看下面四种译法:
1.把终止性动词改为延续性的动词。例如:
①The old man has been dead for a week.
②He has been here since three days ago.
2.把原句中的一段时间改为表示“过去”的时间,时态由现在完成时改变成一般过去时。例如:
①The old man died a week ago.
②He came here three days ago.
3.用“It is+时间+since…”句式。例如:
①It is/has been a week since the old man died.
②It has been/is three days since he came here.
4.用“多长时间+has passed+since…”句式。例如:
①A week has passed since the old men died.
②Three days had passed since he came here.
(三)有关特殊终止性动词的用法。
1.在while(表示一段时间)引导的从句里,谓语动词不能使用终止性动词,但可以把while改成when,这样,从句里的谓语动词就可以使用终止性动词了。因为when既可以表示时间的“点”,又可以表示时间的“段”。例如:
While he got to America.he found his English Was very poor.(误)
When he got t0 America.he found his English was very poor.(正)
2.终止性动词的否定式与until连用时,意为“直到……才/不到什么时间不……”等。例如:
Don’t get off until the bus stops.车未停稳,切勿下车。
3.终止性动词不可以与how long引导的句式连用。例如:
How long have you borrowed the magazine?(误)
When did you borrow the magazine?(正)
How long have you kept the magazine?(正)
一、延续性动词
延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续,而且可以产生持久的影响。常见的这类动词有:be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等。延续性动词的用法很广,但常见于现在完成时中的句子中,且常与for,how,long,since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。例如:
1.I have learned more than 1,000 Chinese words since I came to China.
自从来到中国,我已经学会了l,000多个汉字。
2.We have lived in Linqing since we came here.自从来到这儿,我们就一直住在临清。
3.I have kept the picture for about three years.这张画我保存了大约三年。
二、终止性动词
终止性动词又称为瞬间动词或非延续性动词,它表示的动作不能延续,也就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束,并产生某种结果。常见的这类动词有:accept,arrive,become,begin,borrow,break,buy,catch,close,come,die,end,fall,finish,get,give,go,join,leave,put,reach,receive,shut,start,stop等。终止性动词用在现在完成时要注意下面三点:
(一)终止性动词可直接用来表示某一动作的完成。例如:
1.They have reached Shanghai.他们已经到达了上海。
2.Has he gone to London? 他已经到伦敦去了吗?
(二)终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续,所以,在现在完成时中一般不能和以since,for等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:
1.那老人已经死了一周了。The old man has died for a week.(误)
2.他三天前就已经来这儿了。He has come here since three days ago.(误)
在以上两句中,die和come都是终止性动词,可用于现在完成时,但不能与以
since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。那么,上面两个句子应该怎样译成英语呢?请看下面四种译法:
1.把终止性动词改为延续性的动词。例如:
①The old man has been dead for a week.
②He has been here since three days ago.
2.把原句中的一段时间改为表示“过去”的时间,时态由现在完成时改变成一般过去时。例如:
①The old man died a week ago.
②He came here three days ago.
3.用“It is+时间+since…”句式。例如:
①It is/has been a week since the old man died.
②It has been/is three days since he came here.
4.用“多长时间+has passed+since…”句式。例如:
①A week has passed since the old men died.
②Three days had passed since he came here.
(三)有关特殊终止性动词的用法。
1.在while(表示一段时间)引导的从句里,谓语动词不能使用终止性动词,但可以把while改成when,这样,从句里的谓语动词就可以使用终止性动词了。因为when既可以表示时间的“点”,又可以表示时间的“段”。例如:
While he got to America.he found his English Was very poor.(误)
When he got t0 America.he found his English was very poor.(正)
2.终止性动词的否定式与until连用时,意为“直到……才/不到什么时间不……”等。例如:
Don’t get off until the bus stops.车未停稳,切勿下车。
3.终止性动词不可以与how long引导的句式连用。例如:
How long have you borrowed the magazine?(误)
When did you borrow the magazine?(正)
How long have you kept the magazine?(正)