推荐回答(3个)
维生素是一组化学结构不同、营养作用和生理作用各异的化合物。维生素既不能供给能量,也不构成机体的组成成分。它的作用主要是控制、调节代谢作用。维生素的需要量极少,但生理功能很大。鸭缺乏维生素会造成生长不良,生产力下降、抗病力差,甚至死亡。
鸭必需由饲料提供的维生素有十三种,其中脂溶性的维生素有A、D、E、K四种,水溶性的维生素有硫胺素、核黄素、烟酸、吡醇素、泛酸、生物素、胆碱、叶酸和维生素B12等。对鸭最重要又易缺乏的是维生素A、D和核黄素。
(1)维生素A 主要营养功能是保护粘膜及上皮组织,防止夜盲症,维持神经系统正常机能,抵抗疾病、促进生长等。青饲料中的胡萝卜素是鸭合成维生素A的原料。
1国际单位维生素A=0.3微克维生素A(乙醇)。
(2)维生素D 主要营养功能是降低小肠液的pH值,使钙、磷盐类在酸性环境下易于分解,有利于钙、磷的吸收利用。鸭皮肤、羽毛中含有一种7-脱氢胆固醇,经阳光中紫外线照射可转化为维生素D3。
1国际单位维生素D=0.025微克维生素D3结晶体。
(3)维生素E 又叫生育酚。它的主要作用与鸭的繁殖和体内抗氧化有关。它与硒起协同作用,以维持肌肉、睾丸和胚胎的正常机能。
1国际单位维生素E=1微克α-生育酚(4)维生素K 又名凝血维生素,是血液凝固所必需的物质。青饲料和多汁饲料中含有维生素K,家禽肠道也能合成一部分。种母鸭若因饲料中维生素K不足,或因球虫病侵袭等或用了磺胺类药物,都会引起母鸭维生素K缺乏,必然导致新生雏鸭维生素K贮备严重下降,即使轻微的创伤都会引起雏鸭出血甚致死亡。
维生素K的计量单位为毫克。
(5)硫胺素 对保持糖类代谢和神经机能正常活动有关,缺乏时雏鸭神经系统失常、抽搐痉挛、头向后弯。谷类的胚芽和外皮含量较多。引起硫胺素缺乏的原因:饲料被霉菌污染,饲料贮存太久,大量使用劣质鱼粉,长期使用抗球虫剂和抗菌素等。
1国际单位硫胺素=3微克氢氯化硫胺素。
(6)核黄素 又叫维生素B2在几种酶系中都与能量和蛋白质代谢有关。维生素B2对鸭最为重要又易缺乏。雏鸭缺乏时增重缓慢、消瘦、脚趾弯曲。种蛋中缺乏维生素B2,孵化率低。青饲料、酵母、鱼粉中含量较多。1国际单位核黄素=2.5微克维生素B2。
(7)烟酸 即维生素B5,又叫尼克酸。烟酸在动物体内主要以辅酶形式参与机体代谢,在能量利用及脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物合成与分解方面都起着重要的作用。雏鸭对天然饲料中烟酸的利用率极低,缺乏时引起腿病,行走困难。鸭对烟酸的需要量远远高于鸡。计量单位为毫克。
(8)胆碱 是卵磷脂的主要成分,参与脂肪代谢,预防脂肪肝症。雏鸭缺乏时生长缓慢、发生屈腱病。肉用种鸭要注意补充胆碱。其计量单位为毫克。
其它比较重要的维生素还有:吡哆醇、泛酸、生物素、叶酸、维生素B12和维生素C。一般情况下饲养中不易缺乏。
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