王弼为了把儒家的尊君原则同道家的无为原则结合起来,提出了什么思想?

2025-03-16 16:11:34
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

王弼认为统辖、主宰万物的本体不是“众”,而是“寡”,不是“多”,而是“一”。“夫众不能治众,治众者至寡也。”“夫少者,多之所专也。寡者,众之所宗也。”他指出,这种以寡治众或从一治多的观点,既见于《周易》,又见于《老子》。他在《老子·十一章注》中写道;“毂所以能经三十辐者无也,以其无能受物之故,故能寡统众也。”车轱轳的三十根幅条之所以能形成一个整体,是因为轱轳中间的轴眼(无)在起作用。既然以寡治众是世界万物的普遍规律,当然也就应当成为治理国家的最高原则了。在王弼看来,以寡治众是儒、道两家的共同见解,但对这一思想的阐发,儒家比道家深刻。他在注释《论语》中“一以贯之”时说:“贯犹统也。……譬犹以君御民,执一统众之道也。”他认为孔子的“执一统众”的思想充分体现出无为的原则,可见孔子对无为的理解比老子更透彻:“圣人体无,无又不可言必及有。老庄未免于有,恒训其所不足。”这里的圣人是指孔子。王弼认为孔子的“一以贯之、执一统众”的思想实则是主张按照无为的原则办事,完全建立在“以无为本”的本体论基础之上。只是孔子并不像老庄那样总是把“无”挂在嘴上。这种“孔胜于老”的看法在玄学家中相当流行。南齐周颐在《重答张长史书》中说:“王、何旧说,皆云老不及圣。”(《弘明集》卷六)王弼等人为孔子披上玄学家的外衣,把道家思想纳入到儒家思想的轨道。他们的“以寡治众”“执一统众”等思想是对汉儒“春秋大一统”观念的继承和发展,也是一种维护皇帝权威的理论设计。

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