推荐回答(1个)
大雁又称野鹅,天鹅类,是有名的候鸟,它的老家是在北方西伯利亚一带,属国家二级保护动物。大雁热情十足,能给同伴鼓舞,用叫声鼓励飞行的同伴。形状略似家鹅,有的较小。全世界共有9种,我国有7种,除了白额雁外,常见的还有鸿雁、豆雁、斑头雁和灰雁等,在民间通称为“大雁”。它们春天北去,秋天南往,从不失信。作为寄情寓意的信使飞翔在苍淼的云天,传递亲友间或者是爱侣之间无尽思念。因此鸿雁在远古先辈眼中,不仅是信使,更是隐喻了鸿鸪之志,寄托了先辈们思情高远美之愿望。我国古代有很多诗句赞美它们,如“八月初一雁门开,鸿雁南飞带霜来。”陆游的“雨霁鸡栖早,风高雁阵斜”;韦应物的“万里人南去,三春雁北飞。”《南中咏雁》“孟春之月鸿雁北,孟秋之月鸿雁来”《吕氏春秋》等。李白《与夏十二登岳阳楼》:“楼观岳阳尽,川迥洞庭开。雁引愁心去,山衔好月来。云间连下榻,天上接行杯。醉后凉风起,吹人舞袖回”。雁,鸟类的一属,形状略像鹅,颈和翼较长,足和尾较短,羽毛淡紫褐色。善于游泳和飞行。常见的有鸿雁,飞时一般排列成行,是一种冬候鸟,也叫大雁。[③]它们的老家在北方西伯利亚一带,因为北方的夏季日照时间长,食物丰富,敌害不多,非常适合哺育幼雏,所以,它们总是回故乡繁殖后代。到了冬季,北方一片冰天雪地,由于找不到食物,大雁便成群结队浩浩荡荡地飞向比较温暖的南方。它们在那里能够找到丰富的食物,并躲过北国的严寒,同时开始交配。等到春天到来时,雌雁孕育着成熟的卵,急急飞回北方产卵、抱窝,哺育后代。大雁是长途远征的部队,极具能耐。据说,大雁飞行时利用互相展翅拍打制造出的漩涡式的气流形成上腾力,能将整个鸟群抬升,抵御风阻,节省体力,同时又能加快速度。因而,群雁总是队形整齐,排成“一字”或“人字”集体迁徙。它们在远途飞行中常发出“伊呵,伊呵”的叫声,据说能鼓励同伴,甚至驱走敌人。也许正因为大雁是候鸟,与季节气候的变化有着密不可分的联系,大雁意象的运用在叙写秋冬的古诗词中犹为多见。“雁啼红叶天,人醉黄花地,芭蕉雨声秋梦里。”(张可久《秋风引》)“千里黄云百日曛,北风吹雁雪纷纷。”(高适《别董大》)……千古佳句,举不胜举。而秋冬季节本身被赋予的萧条悲戚又给雁这一意象平添了不少忧思。 以雁写思——乡思,亲思,友思大雁定期南飞北返,尤其是春天来临,大雁奋力飞回故巢,很容易引发那些滞留外乡,归期未定的人对比自身,从而生发出无尽的忧思。张若虚《春江花月夜》的“鸿雁长飞光不度,鱼龙潜跃水成文”倍写游子深沉的思乡盼归之心,给令人心醉神迷的春江花月夜添上挥之不却的乡愁,纵然美景当前,不过倍添神伤罢了。又如范仲淹的《渔家傲》,“塞下秋来风景异,衡阳雁去无留意”,“异”字写出边疆秋至,景色与家乡苏州的差异,从而引起了世人对故乡的思念。雁朝衡阳飞去了,而诗人却只能长留边疆苦思家乡。仿佛能听到诗人在感叹:“毕竟这么多年了,雁儿都回南方去了,自己什么时候能像雁儿一样回归呢?”真的使人肝肠寸断。群雁群迁,鸣声相互呼应,好一幅壮观画卷。但似乎古人更偏爱于离群孤雁。也许是因为孤雁落单,没有了同伴的气流抬升,没有了相互的鼓励,飞起来更费力气,本来喁喁激励 的鸣声亦化作落寞寻伴之声,哀伤无比。或许鉴于此景,古人也借孤雁表达对友人的思念。诗圣杜甫就有一以“孤雁”为题名的诗,全诗如下:孤雁不饮啄,飞鸣声念群。谁怜一片影,相失万重云。望近似犹见,哀多如更闻。野鸦无意绪,鸣噪自纷纷。首联描写落单的孤雁不饮水不啄食,只是飞着叫着,想念伙伴,颔联境界忽然开阔,运用对比手法,反映孤雁失群的辛酸,颈联从心理上刻画孤雁,望尽天际好似又见雁群,不断哀鸣,似乎能听见群雁鸣叫,用幻觉侧面写其孤,尾联陪衬反比,写野鸦聒噪不停,不懂孤雁心意,更显孤雁可怜。全诗着于一字“孤”,诗人以孤雁自喻,通过描写孤雁,和那念群的叫声,充分表达了诗人对友人的思念,抒发孤凄的心情。难怪得评“殊无甚深迥,而构辞切笃,虽成绝调”(“相失”句下)。[④] 羁旅行苦——遭谪之苦,边戍孤苦雁群长途远征,极具耐力,然而路途再远,到底有个尽头。古人遭谪,纵然同是远行,内心更比常人平添一份忧伤。“阳月南飞雁,传闻至此回。我行殊未已,何日得归来?”一首宋之问的《题大庾岭北驿》,成于诗人被贬流放的途中,借物抒怀,将自己与大雁相比,将行程之远与遭谪之心一并道来——传闻农历十月,南飞的大雁到此地就会回头,而我的行程远未结束,还不知哪天才能重新回来。诗句虽短,但四句一气旋折,神味无穷,仿佛空气中回荡着触物感伤,久久未能消散,使人难以释怀啊。北雁南飞,总有归期。倘是身在异乡,也有雁群相伴。或能觅得食物,安度寒冬;或能雌雄交配,繁衍后代。但身在边戍,多因战乱,戍守卫国。相较之下,戍边越发孤苦。难怪唐代的李益吟得《听晓角》,咏句“无限塞鸿飞不度,秋风卷入《小单于》”。这两句通过对鸿雁的描写侧面形容角声之哀,边关天上的鸿雁,也因为听到了秋风中传来的吹奏着《小单于》曲调的角声而低回盘旋,久久不去。鸿雁尚且为叫声所动容,何况人呢?寒风、号角呼啸之声犹似在耳际,边戍空落犹在眼前。 鸿足传书——“信使”的使命我国古代有“鸿足传书”的传说,因为古代人们和外出的亲人难通音讯,所以又让大雁承担了“信使”的使命。李清照在诗词中对大雁的运斤多托此意。“云中谁寄锦书来?雁字回时,月满西楼”(《一剪梅·红藕香残玉簟秋》),通过大雁翔空,形象地表达了书信的到来,使人看得到,摸得着。她的云中雁回比之一般的飞雁传书,显然画面更为清晰,形象更为鲜明。也有“雁过也,正伤心,却是旧时相识”(《声声慢》),同是千古吟诵不衰的佳句。 豪迈如风雨骤至当然,大雁意象的运用,亦不尽是孤苦悲怆、悠悠思情。诗仙李白挥一挥衣袖,一声畅快淋漓的“长风万里送秋雁,对此可以酣高楼”(《宣州谢眺楼饯别校书叔云》)突然转折,尽扫“弃我去者”“乱我心者”的烦忧郁结。遥望长风吹送秋雁,顿生畅饮美酒的豪情,起势豪迈如风雨之骤至。
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