我国目前养殖的优良肉鸭品种有哪些?

2025-03-26 17:23:06
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

(1)北京鸭 我国目前饲养的优良肉鸭品种主要有北京鸭和瘤头鸭。北京鸭(图2)是世界著名的肉鸭品种,原产于北京市及周边郊区。在动物学分类上,北京鸭属于鸟纲,雁形目,鸭科,河鸭属。现在全国各地饲养的体形类似于北京鸭的大体形白羽肉鸭几乎全是北京鸭的后代。我国的北京鸭在鸦片战争期间(1873年)被掠入美国,1874年经美国传入英国,1888年传入日本,1925年传入前苏联。目前,美国、英国、法国、丹麦等国家的育种公司或农场已经利用从我国引入北京鸭育成了各自的北京鸭配套系,如美国枫叶公司(Maple Leaf Farm)、英国樱桃谷农场(Cherry Valley Farm)等分别利用我国的北京鸭育成了美国北京鸭和英国北京鸭。北京鸭属大型肉用品种,体形硕大丰满,体躯呈长方形。全身羽毛丰满,羽色纯白并带有奶油光泽。鸭喙为橙黄色,喙宽而大,胫、蹼为橙黄色或橘红色。母鸭开产后喙、胫、蹼颜色逐渐变浅,喙上出现黑色斑点。随产蛋期延长,斑点增多,颜色加深。公鸭尾部带有3~4根卷起的性羽。北京鸭行动迟缓,穿越障碍的能力差,但采食青绿饲料、小鱼、小虾、螺类、蚯蚓的能力强。因此,北京鸭适宜在平整的草地、河流滩涂散养。

图2 北京鸭(2)瘤头鸭(番鸭) 见图3,又称麝香鸭,原产于中南美洲,我国称为番鸭或洋鸭。在动物学分类上,瘤头鸭属于鸟纲,雁形目,鸭科,栖鸭属。与一般家鸭如我国的北京鸭、绍兴鸭、金定鸭等(河鸭属)同科不同属。番鸭与家鸭杂交属于远缘杂交(属间杂交),能够产生后代,其后代具有较好的产肉性能,不具有繁殖能力,我国称为半番鸭或骡鸭。

图3 瘤头鸭番鸭的外貌特征与河鸭属的家鸭有明显的区别。它前、后窄,中间宽,如纺锤状,站立时体躯与地面平行。喙基部和头部肌肉两侧有红色或黑色皮瘤。雄鸭的皮瘤比雌鸭发达,故称瘤头鸭。喙较短面窄,胸宽而平,腿短面粗壮,胸、腿部肌肉发达,翅膀长达尾部,能做短距离飞行。后腹不发达,尾狭长。头顶有一排纵向羽毛,受到刺激时会竖起如冠状。

番鸭的羽毛主要有黑色和白色两种。此外,还有黑白夹杂的花色羽毛。白羽番鸭是目前我国饲养最多的一种。它的全身羽毛白色,喙粉红色,皮瘤红色、呈珠状排列于脸部,虹彩浅灰色,胫、蹼橘黄色。这个品种在屠宰后不残留黑色羽根,胴体美观,羽毛价值较高。黑羽番鸭全身羽毛黑色、带有光泽,皮瘤黑红色、比较小,喙红色带有黑斑,虹彩浅黄色,胫、蹼大多黑色。花羽番鸭实际上是黑羽、白羽两种番鸭的杂种,其身上的羽毛黑白相间。但黑白羽毛的比例在个体间的差异很大,有的个体白羽多,有的个体黑羽多。一般常见的“三点黑”现象较多,即头顶、背部、尾部的羽毛黑色,其余羽毛都是白色。有的个体只在尾部或头顶出现黑羽,其余部分都是白色羽毛。

根据对有关文献的考证表明:我国目前饲养的番鸭是由东南亚国家传入的;番鸭在我国至少有250年的饲养历史。福建是我国番鸭和半番鸭的主要产地,年饲养量超过1亿只。台湾、广东、广西、浙江、江苏、安徽等省、区也是番鸭和半番鸭的重要产地。全国2006年番鸭和半番鸭的出栏量约2亿只。

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