私兵部曲是怎么一回事

2025-03-26 02:49:21
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

中国历史上始于两汉之际,盛于三国、两晋和南北朝时期的豪强地主的私兵名称。后人有谓“私兵部曲”。

部、曲,两汉时期的军队建制,将军领数部,部下设曲。因二字常连结并用,逐渐产生了泛指“军队”及“士兵”的含义,某某带领的军队即称为某某的部曲。两汉之际的农民起义时期,地主豪强曾以军事编制部勒所属的宗族、宾客、子弟等,组成私人武装,中国历史上始出现宾客的部曲化。东汉后期,由于地主大土地所有制和门阀制度的影响,私兵开始大发展。腐败的王朝在大规模的黄巾起义战争打击下,摇摇欲坠,名存实亡,参加镇压黄巾起义后的豪强,纷纷拥私兵割据。汉少帝光熹元年(189),董卓率军入朝作乱。次年,关东州郡皆起兵讨伐董卓,混乱迭起。世族地主组织训练宗族乡人、宾客,屯坞自守,筑壁相保,豪强大量招募流民、转化政府士兵,致私兵猛增。私兵遍布各地,“部曲”成了私兵的专称。

国家分裂及战乱是部曲发展的催化剂。战乱时期,封建中央政权削弱,大土地占有者的特权受到威胁,便组建私家武装保护。这种状况,以董卓之乱后的三国形成时期和西晋永嘉之乱、南朝梁末侯景之乱后的年代,最为显著。三国形成时期,仅据《三国志》所载,何进、董卓、公孙瓒等皆拥有部曲;曹操、刘备和孙氏三家更是大量使用。曹操招纳的将领,如曹洪、李典、吕虔、任峻等,皆有部曲;后有“庐江雷绪率部曲数万口稽颡”刘备;孙吴的部曲发展很快,年青将领陆逊的“部曲已有二千余人”,朱桓甚至有“部曲万口”,直至三国中后期,“吴名宗大族,皆有部曲,阻兵仗势”。晋统一中国后,士兵来源主要是军户,国家控制部曲的发展。永嘉之乱后,西晋灭亡,晋室东迁,北方进入十六国混乱时期,阶级矛盾和民族矛盾加剧,流民纷纷入私家为部曲,部曲发展随之又是一个高潮。尤其北方普遍存在的“坞主”武装,发展更迅速,大量汉族流民投靠汉人“坞主”为部曲,屯聚以自卫。至南朝宋明帝时,据《魏书》记载,外地各镇将仍“广募义勇,置为部曲”,且京城诸将军也各自募兵,形成“将帅以下,各募部曲,屯聚京师”的局面。南齐之时,部曲有所减少,至梁末侯景之乱后,陈朝和北齐、北周,私兵部曲之风又盛起。

部曲始建,是作为世家豪族私人武装存在的,主要任务是保卫封建庄园,当部曲主受命为将帅时,便以家兵身分随军征战。随着战争的扩大和持续,部曲成为一个人数众多的阶层。为减轻负担,武装的世家豪族便利用他们且战且耕。到南北朝时,部曲的主要任务转为农业生产,以至“部曲”一词逐渐包括了“佃客”的含义。至唐初,作为私兵性质的部曲已消失,部曲仅剩下“佃客”、“家仆”的含义。至于《旧唐书》、《明史》及以后史书所载“部曲”,系“军队”及“士兵”的古义再现,多泛指非正规的军队。

部曲的发展,意味着中央政权的削弱。封建王朝既利用部曲补充国家武装力量的不足,又与部曲主一直存在着矛盾。卫觊就曾向代表中央集权势力的曹操禀告,流民“无以自业,诸将各竞招怀,以为部曲,郡县贫弱,不能与争,兵家遂强,一旦变动,必有后忧”(《三国志·卫觊传》),建议以盐铁专卖之收入供给流民置农具、耕牛,为国家生产,从而限制私兵发展。南齐萧道成称帝后,也禁止将帅募部曲。

部曲将领有部曲将、督、吏、长等称谓,他们是世家豪族的爪牙,属统治者阶层。士兵通称部曲,是被统治受剥削的阶层。部曲常带着家属,故史书多称部曲为“家”。部曲主可以世领部曲,但不能随意买卖。部曲的身分也是世袭的,地位与军户、佃客差不多,有功者可免去部曲之籍,甚至做官。

(任昭坤)

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