清兵是如何攻入京城的?

2025-03-23 04:40:19
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

百度答案: 清顺治元年(大顺永昌元年,1644)四月,摄政王多尔衮率八旗军与明总兵吴三桂合兵,在山海关内外击败李自成大顺军的重要战役。 崇德八年(明崇祯十六年,1643),清帝福临年幼,辅政的多尔衮洞悉明朝连年与农民军交战,已呈土崩瓦解之势,认为入主中原时机已到。顺治元年正月,多尔衮以清帝名义致书大顺军,提出协谋同力并取中原的策略,李自成未予理会。四月初九,多尔衮以奉命大将军统率满、蒙、汉八旗军十余万人,离盛京(今沈阳)西进。十一日,至辽河,闻李自成大顺军于三月十九攻取京师(今北京),明朝已亡,遂采纳明降将洪承畴建议,决意率兵经密云(今属北京)、蓟州(今天津蓟县)一带南下,直趋北京。 从而,由攻明转为与李自成争夺全国的统治权。吴三桂率兵4万原驻守宁远(今辽宁兴城),阻止清军径入山海关。在大顺军直逼京畿时,吴三桂奉命率兵进关入卫京师,行抵丰润(今属河北),闻京师已破,崇祯帝朱由检自缢,遂折返山海关。李自成乃令明降将唐通领兵8000赴山海关招降。吴三桂反复思虑后决意归顺,率军离山海关进京,行至永平(今卢龙)西沙河驿时,遇从北京逃出的家人,得知父吴襄在京遭农民军拷掠,爱妾陈圆圆被夺占,于是顿改初衷,打着为崇祯帝复仇旗号,拒降李自成,还师山海关,袭击唐通部。李自成闻讯,即召文武大臣商讨对策,确定征抚兼施。在唐通一再告急求援时,李自成于四月十三偕权将军刘宗敏等率兵约10万(一说6万)向山海关进发。为争取吴三桂,携吴襄随军同行。吴三桂料不能敌,遂遣使致书多尔衮求援。清军在翁后(在今辽宁阜新境)遇吴三桂使者,遂改道从连山(在今葫芦岛市境)、宁远一线日夜兼程,疾趋山海关。李自成对清军情况不明,行动迟缓,廿一日才抵达山海关下,在石河西岸与吴三桂部成对峙之势。当晚,清军进至山海关外15里处一线集结。山海关北依角山,南傍渤海, 城高墙坚, 外筑罗城、翼城互为犄角,易守难攻。守军除吴三桂部外,还有山海关总兵高第部1万、乡勇约3万人。李自成抵关当日,向吴三桂发出逼降通牒,遭拒绝后,一面令唐通、白广恩部近2万人从一片石(今辽宁绥中九门口)出边立营,断吴三桂退路,一面以主力6万分别对西罗、北翼和东罗城猛攻。吴三桂以主力列阵于西罗城石河以西一线,阻止大顺军攻关。双方激战于西罗城附近,守军为摆脱困境,诈降诱大顺军数千人抵近城垣,在城上突发火炮。大顺军死伤甚众,被迫后撤。在北翼城,大顺军利用居高临下地形,猛攻城垣,激战至翌日黎明,迫守军一部投降。但因其他各城未下,大顺军未能进据罗城。廿一日夜,唐通部在一片石被清军击败,余众退入关内。经一日激战,多尔衮已知大顺军虚实,遂采用以逸待劳、后发制人的慎战之策,欲待大顺军与吴三桂部连战疲惫时,突出奇兵,一举取胜。 廿二日晨,吴三桂见情势危急,带随从冲出重围,至关城东二里的威远堡向多尔衮剃发称臣,归降清军,请其入关进击大顺军。多尔衮见吴三桂归顺非诈,遂偕和硕英郡王阿济格、多罗郡王多铎率劲旅8万,分别从南水门、北水门、关中门进入关内,令吴三桂部系以白布为号任前锋。大顺军因攻坚一昼夜未能夺关,乃改取野战,自角山至渤海投入全部兵力,布一字长蛇阵,成决战架势。多尔衮以吴三桂部为右翼迎战,重兵则鳞次列阵于渤海滨大顺军阵尾薄弱处,待机出击,并告诫各部不得急进。大顺军不明清军意图,仍按原计划向吴三桂军紧逼,令旗左右挥动,来回冲杀。吴三桂因有清军压阵,顽强抵御。时狂风扬沙,咫尺不见,双方展开肉搏,大顺军不顾伤亡,把吴三桂部团团围住,血战至中午,双方均已疲惫,损失甚众。多尔衮见势,急令阿济格、多铎各率2万精骑,乘风势、挥白旗,对阵直冲大顺军。大风渐止,疲惫的大顺军见清军骤至,猝不及防,阵脚渐乱,伤亡惨重,刘宗敏中箭伤。战至午后,李自成见无法挽回颓势,急令余部且战且向永平方向撤退。当清军追至范家店,李自成杀吴襄以泄忿,率余部于廿六日退回北京,旋又弃京西撤。此战,李自成大顺军对清军入关助战毫无准备,同时缺乏对清军骑兵作战的经验,终为清军所乘,精锐遭受重创,未能再起。清军乘势占领北京,取得全国政权。

回答2:

吴三桂本投李自成,怎奈李自成不下刘宗敏抢占吴三桂爱妾陈圆圆,吴三桂一怒投了大清,自为先锋灭了李自成,正所谓:“恸哭六军俱缟素,冲冠一怒为红颜”。

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