推荐回答(1个)
温州话,是吴语的一种次方言,亦被民间称瓯语,为中国温州市一带汉族本地居民所使用,属于汉藏语系-汉语族-吴语-瓯江片-温州话,在发音、用词和语法等方面都与普通话有极大差别。温州话和北部吴语也无法沟通,属于南部吴语。
温州话(瓯语)可以根据其区域粗略地分为纯瓯语区、准瓯语区和半瓯语区三类。纯瓯语区说纯正口音,包括温州鹿城、龙湾、瓯海三区,人口142万人;永嘉、乐清局部,人口230万。准瓯语区口音略有偏差,涉及瑞安、文成、平阳,合计人口320万。半瓯语区涉及乐清95万余人、洞头4万余人,合计人口100万。
温州话(瓯语)内部一致性很强,但地区差异性也很大,包括语音差异和词汇差异,以至于两种不同温州话之间的通话有时很吃力。温州方言的纷繁复杂程度可谓“三里不同调,十里不同音”。
温州话(瓯语)的发音和语言结构相对古老,与普通话或其它吴语都不能相通,温州地区以外的人比较难以读懂。重读位置的发音是不送气清音,听觉上却有浊音感,跟北部吴语有很大不同,常令人不解。根据《温州方言志》及沈克成《温州话》温州话声母有35个(包含零声母以及 nny nng),韵母有30个(不包含n,m韵母),声调8个,两字组变调调型13种,较为可惜的是温州话入声舒化了。
次浊声母分为带紧喉和带浊流两套,前者只拼阴调类,后者只拼阳调类。零声母开头有轻微的喉塞音。
注:鹿城瓯语中,新派人群将/øy/与/ø/相混,在大多数人的口中这两个音处于同一个音位。
且,/o/与/ʊ/也有合并的趋势,“巴”和“波”在新派人群中读音一致。
/ei/和/e/也即将完全合并,多数人区分不了“赛”与“世”。
在软颚塞音/kʰ/、/k/及浊声音/g/后,/ø/是/y/的音位变体。多数人无意识地交替使用/kʰy/和/kʰø/于“困”字,/ky/和/kø/于“官”、“干”或“根”等字。
在软颚音/kʰ/、/k/、/g/、/ŋ/,及齿龈鼻音韵母/n/后,高化后的/i/是/e/的音位变体。
人群A将“开、改、渠、呆、日”这一系列字一律读/e/韵,属老派及中派特征。该人群在鹿城占少数。
人群B则将这一类字一律读成/i/韵,为鹿城瓯语使用者的多数人群。
而人群C因为长时间同时接触人群A与人群B,而无意识地交替使用/e/或/i/韵。人群C的人数与人群B不相上下。
亦有特殊情况,在一些人的音韵中,不同的词汇中会有选择性地用/e/或/i/。 比如“该日=/ki ni/”,“日日=/ni ni/”,但是“日昼”则读/ne tɕieu/ “该日=/ki ni/”,“应该=/iaŋ ki/”,但是偏偏“该死”读/ke sɿ/。
在瓯语新派使用者的人群A中,高化后的“呆/ngi/”有向/ȵi/鄂化的倾向。
而在一些人的音韵中,高化后的“日/ni/”已擦化混入了/ȵi/,在这一类人群中失去了/ni/和/ȵi/的对立。
阴上的实际调值是˦˥ʔ45,阳上的实际调值是ʱ˧˦ʔ34。上声带有紧喉成份。
一般的两字组变调调型共有13种,连读变调产生3个新声调:˩˧13、˥˧ʔ53(带紧喉成份,下表未标)、˩1(短而弱)。
希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。
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