一般手术采用的麻醉类型有哪些?各自优缺点是什么?

2025-03-29 18:27:33
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

  自1846年朗宁首先应用乙醚麻醉以来,吸入麻醉已日臻完善。现代药理学的发展,科学技术的进步,特别是电子计算机技术的应用,更使现代吸入麻醉的水平大大提高。吸入麻醉易于控制、安全、有效。是当前医院进行手术时的首选 。
  所谓麻醉是指使有机体全部或局部暂失去知觉,以便进行外科手术治疗的方法。麻醉的方法有多种,如针刺麻醉、注射麻醉及吸入麻醉等。目前医院使用全身麻醉的方法仍是以吸入麻醉为主。麻醉机就是利用吸入麻醉方法进行全身麻醉的仪器。一、吸入麻醉机的原理

  吸入麻醉是通过机械回路将麻醉药(剂)送入患者的肺泡,形成麻醉药气体分压,弥散到血液后,对中枢神经系统直接发生抑制作用,从而产生全身麻醉的效果。

  二、吸入麻醉机的类型

  (一)空气麻醉机
  空气麻醉机属于半开放式麻醉装置。它主要有药液罐、乙醚调节开关、折叠式风箱及吸、呼气单向活瓣和波纹管组成。如图2-1-1所示。该装置轻便适用,可直接利用空气和氧气作为载气,能进行辅助呼吸和控制呼吸,满足各种手术要求。
  其工作原理是:病人在完成麻醉诱导后,将空气麻醉机与密闭式面罩或气管导管连接。吸气时,麻醉混合气体经开启的吸气活瓣进入病人体内;呼气时,呼气活瓣开启,同时吸气活瓣关闭,排出呼出的气体。当使用辅助或控制呼吸时,可利用折叠式风箱。吸气时压下,呼气时拉起,保证病人有足够的通气量。同时根据实际需要,调整乙醚开关以维持稳定的麻醉水平。
  这种装置的不足之处是乙醚浓度较低,只能作为麻醉的维持,而且乙醚的消耗量较大,易造成环境污染。

  (二)直流式麻醉机
  直流式麻醉机由高压氧气、减压器、流量计、麻醉药液蒸发器组成。如图2-1-2所示。该议器仅能提供氧气和调节吸入气体的麻醉药浓度,必须有其它装置与输出部位串联才能进行麻醉。
  (三)循环紧闭式麻醉机
  该装置以低流量的麻醉混合气体,经逸气活瓣(门)单向流动供给病人。呼出的气体经呼气活瓣进入CO2吸收器重复使用。其结构主要由供氧和氧化亚氮装置、气体流量计、蒸发器、CO2吸收器;单向活瓣、呼吸管路、逸气活瓣、储气囊等组成,如图2-1-3所示。

  现代的麻醉机还配备有通气机气道内压、呼气流量、呼气末CO2浓度,吸入麻醉药浓度、氧浓度监视仪、低氧报警及低氧-氧化亚氮自动保护装置。图2-1-4是一个实际的麻醉气路图。这是一个循环紧闭式麻醉回路。在进行麻醉之前,首先要给病人通一定量(一般为3~5min)的纯氧气,然后再进行麻醉操作。

  1.麻醉药液蒸发器 2.氧气流量计 3.氧化亚氮流量计 4.氧化亚氮进口 5.氧气进口 6.纯氧供给按钮 7.混合麻醉气体输送管 8.氧压表 9.氧化亚氮压力表 10.氧失效保护装置 11.麻醉气体输出口 12.吸气活辨 13.呼气波纹管 14.三通接头 15.面罩 16.呼气活辨 17.CO2吸收器 18.逸气活辨 19.多余气体逸出口 20.波纹管 21.贮气皮囊 22.成人-儿童切换开关

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