推荐回答(5个)
帕金森病是一种神经功能障碍性疾病,又称震颤麻痹,多见于50岁以上中老年人。该病最引人注意的特点是肢体不由自主地抖动,每当精神紧张、情绪激动时抖动加剧,而入睡后则抖动可以完全停止。典型帕金森病还有其他一些症状,如肌肉比较僵硬,动作欠灵活;行走时起步困难,但迈步后又不易控制,呈一种“慌张步态”;大都运动缓慢减退,面部表情呆板,写字、刷牙、穿衣、穿鞋等举动笨拙。还有个别病例始终未见明显抖动,而以肌肉僵硬和运动缓慢为主。
迄今为止.帕金森病的病因尚不完全清楚。多数研究显示与家族遗传关系密切,此外尚与机体老化、环境污染、经常接触有毒化学物质、农药、杀虫剂有关;值得注意的是,从不同职业居民中发现,帕金森病患者以科学、教育、卫生人员及军政干部居多,而从事家务劳动者最低,原因不清楚,可能与用脑不当有关。
帕金森病对中老年人的危害很大,它不仅影响生活自理,降低生活质量,还可能使其他器质性疾病恶化。值得关注的是,近10年来,我国帕金森病发病率明显上升。不久前,有关专家的调查发现,在55岁以上人群中,患病率达到1%,并随增龄而增高;75岁以上人群高达2.5%以上,已接近于欧美,但更重要的是误诊。因此,提高对该病的认识,加强预防理念,对保证中老年人健康很有必要。
帕金森病是以运动和非运动症状为特征的中老年神经系统退行性疾病,其主要症状表现为运动迟缓、静止性震颤、肌肉僵直及姿势平衡障碍等,严重影响患者生活质量。
首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科副主任医师毛薇表示,手抖不一定是帕金森病,也可能是特发性震颤等其他疾病。“特发性震颤以动作和姿势性震颤为主,病程长,对生活影响较小,有近50%的患者有家族史;而60%至70%的帕金森病患者会在病程中出现静止性震颤,即肢体在静止时会颤抖,活动时反而减轻甚至消失,且帕金森病患者还会有动作迟缓、肌肉僵直等症状,仅有震颤是不能诊断帕金森病的。”
我国65岁以上老年人群帕金森病总体患病率随年龄增长而升高。“帕金森病的治疗原则是早发现、早诊断、早治疗,从而更好地改善症状,提高患者生活质量,延缓疾病进展。”毛薇说,“帕金森病并不可怕,虽然目前帕金森病还不能治愈,但可通过药物治疗、手术治疗、康复训练等有效手段较大程度地改善症状,从而使患者保持较好的状态和功能。”
“若药物治疗出现运动波动症和异动症,可考虑手术治疗,如植入脑起搏器。”首都医科大学宣武医院功能神经外科主任医师李建宇表示,“脑起搏器”治疗通过电刺激调控异常放电的神经核团电活动,从而达到减轻和控制震颤、僵直等症状的目的。该方法可有效改善帕金森病患者的震颤、肌肉僵直、运动迟缓等症状,震颤的症状在术中即可见效。
对于帕金森患者的居家康复方面,首都医科大学宣武医院康复医学科副主任医师霍速说:“在帕金森病的康复治疗中,运动起着至关重要的作用。在康复期间,患者每周应进行若干次拉伸,力量和平衡训练,可根据自己的身体状况,在安全的前提下尝试挑战自己的运动极限。研究显示,大强度、长时间的训练可能获得更好的训练效果。康复训练的原则是安全第一、循序渐进、持之以恒。”
首都医科大学附属北京康复医院帕金森医学中心主任方伯言表示,帕金森病患者的康复既要考虑到标准化,又要考虑到个体化。考虑到疾病的进展性和表现的不同,帕金森病患者的个体需求在不同的疾病阶段有很大的差异,因此康复干预应根据患者的个体情况进行调整。
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