被动语态的难点

　　被动语态是初中英语学习的重难点之一，是同学们容易出错的语法项目。英语动词有两种语态：即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，只有及物动词才有被动语态。
　　同学们不仅要掌握被动语态的构成、用法、主动语态变为被动语态的方法以外，还应特别注意以下两点：
　　●初中阶段不能使用被动语态的词
　　①与感觉有关的动词即连系动词：look、sound、smel、taste、feel。
　　例1：You look pretty today.
　　例2：The song sounds beautiful.
　　例3：The food smels good.
　　例4：Theteatastesnice.
　　例5：The water feels warm.
　　②与“发生”概念有关的词：hap-pen、take place、break out。
　　例6：It happened on the morning of April 1st.
　　例7：Great changes have taken place in Shanghai since 1994.
　　例8：The war broke out in 2002.
　　★但是hold有被动语态：The sportsmeeting was held last Monday.
　　③表示“占有”的词：have、belong to。
　　例9：They have a nice car.
　　例10：The book does n’t belong to me.
　　④表示“开始，结束”的动词：be-gin、start、open、close、shut、end、finish、stop。
　　例11：School begins in September
　　例12：The shop doesn’t open on Sundays.
　　例13：The door closed quietly.
　　例14：The war hasn’t finished yet.
　　例15：The cars topped.
　　⑤某些可以和副词wel、easily、smoothly等连用的动词；burn、read、wash、write、sel。
　　例16：The sentence reads smoothly.
　　例17：Those clothes wash well.
　　例18：The pen writes well.
　　例19：The books else well.
　　★但是不和这些副词连用时要用被动语态。The radio is sold in this shop.
　　⑥其他情况
　　⑴change用作动词时没有被动语态。
　　例20：The village has change dalot.
　　例21：The number of the teachers doesn’t change much in our school every year.
　　⑵consist of无被动。
　　例22：Our class consists of 50 students.
　　例23：The house consists of six rooms.
　　★但要说：Our class is made up of 50 students.
　　The house is made up of six rooms. ⑶cost 无被动
　　例24：The bicycle costme 788 yuan.
　　⑷主语+形容词+动词不定式无被动
　　例25：The book is difficult to read.
　　例26：The music is sweet to hear.
　　⑦还有一些特殊的连系动词：seem、prove。
　　例27：The young girl seems much better now.
　　例28：What you said proves right.
　　●不是所有带宾语的动词都可以变成被动语态
　　①表示状态的及物动词，如have（有）、want（想）、fit（适合）、cost（花费）、hold（容纳）等，不能将主动句变为被动语态。
　　正：The hal holds 500 people.（大厅能容纳五百人。）
　　误：500 people are held by the hal. ②及物动词die（死）、smile（笑）、live（生活）、dream（做梦）等后面跟同源宾语时，不能转换成被动语态。
　　正：I dreamed a strange dream last night.（我昨晚做了个奇怪的梦。）
　　误：A strange dream was dreamed by me last night. ③当及物动词的宾语是反身动词、相互代词时，不能转换成被动语态。
　　正：He taught himself Japanese.（他自学日语。）
　　误：Himself was taught by him. 正：We help each other.（我们互相帮助。）
　　误：Each other is helped by us. ④宾语是表示“某组织”、“身体的某一部分”或“感官”的名词时，不能转换成被动语态。
　　正：He joined the League in 2001.（他是在2001年入团的。）
　　误：The League was joined by him in 2001. 正：We believe our eyes.（我们相信自己的眼睛。）
　　误：Our eyes are believed by us. ⑤宾语是动词不定式或动名词时，不能转换成被动语态。
　　正：I want to go to the cinema.（我想去看电影。）
　　误：To go to the cinema is wanted by me. 正：Jack likes playing footbal very much.（杰克非常喜欢踢足球。）
　　误：Playing footbal is liked by Jack very much. ⑥宾语是不可分割的词组或短语时，不能转换成被动语态。
　　正：John often keeps his word.（约翰总是信守诺言。）
　　误：His word is often kept by John.

被动语态是初中英语学习的重难点之一，是同学们容易出错的语法项目。英语动词有两种语态：即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，只有及物动词才有被动语态。
同学们不仅要掌握被动语态的构成、用法、主动语态变为被动语态的方法以外，还应特别注意以下两点：
●初中阶段不能使用被动语态的词
①与感觉有关的动词即连系动词：look、sound、smel、taste、feel。
例1：You look pretty today.
例2：The song sounds beautiful.
例3：The food smels good.
例4：Theteatastesnice.
例5：The water feels warm.
②与“发生”概念有关的词：hap-pen、take place、break out。
例6：It happened on the morning of April 1st.
例7：Great changes have taken place in Shanghai since 1994.
例8：The war broke out in 2002.
★但是hold有被动语态：The sportsmeeting was held last Monday.
③表示“占有”的词：have、belong to。
例9：They have a nice car.
例10：The book does n’t belong to me.
④表示“开始，结束”的动词：be-gin、start、open、close、shut、end、finish、stop。
例11：School begins in September
例12：The shop doesn’t open on Sundays.
例13：The door closed quietly.
例14：The war hasn’t finished yet.
例15：The cars topped.
⑤某些可以和副词wel、easily、smoothly等连用的动词；burn、read、wash、write、sel。
例16：The sentence reads smoothly.
例17：Those clothes wash well.
例18：The pen writes well.
例19：The books else well.
★但是不和这些副词连用时要用被动语态。The radio is sold in this shop.
⑥其他情况
⑴change用作动词时没有被动语态。
例20：The village has change dalot.
例21：The number of the teachers doesn’t change much in our school every year.
⑵consist of无被动。
例22：Our class consists of 50 students.
例23：The house consists of six rooms.
★但要说：Our class is made up of 50 students.
The house is made up of six rooms. ⑶cost 无被动
例24：The bicycle costme 788 yuan.
⑷主语+形容词+动词不定式无被动
例25：The book is difficult to read.
例26：The music is sweet to hear.
⑦还有一些特殊的连系动词：seem、prove。
例27：The young girl seems much better now.
例28：What you said proves right.
●不是所有带宾语的动词都可以变成被动语态
①表示状态的及物动词，如have（有）、want（想）、fit（适合）、cost（花费）、hold（容纳）等，不能将主动句变为被动语态。
正：The hal holds 500 people.（大厅能容纳五百人。）
误：500 people are held by the hal. ②及物动词die（死）、smile（笑）、live（生活）、dream（做梦）等后面跟同源宾语时，不能转换成被动语态。
正：I dreamed a strange dream last night.（我昨晚做了个奇怪的梦。）
误：A strange dream was dreamed by me last night. ③当及物动词的宾语是反身动词、相互代词时，不能转换成被动语态。
正：He taught himself Japanese.（他自学日语。）
误：Himself was taught by him. 正：We help each other.（我们互相帮助。）
误：Each other is helped by us. ④宾语是表示“某组织”、“身体的某一部分”或“感官”的名词时，不能转换成被动语态。
正：He joined the League in 2001.（他是在2001年入团的。）
误：The League was joined by him in 2001. 正：We believe our eyes.（我们相信自己的眼睛。）
误：Our eyes are believed by us. ⑤宾语是动词不定式或动名词时，不能转换成被动语态。
正：I want to go to the cinema.（我想去看电影。）
误：To go to the cinema is wanted by me. 正：Jack likes playing footbal very much.（杰克非常喜欢踢足球。）
误：Playing footbal is liked by Jack very much. ⑥宾语是不可分割的词组或短语时，不能转换成被动语态。
正：John often keeps his word.（约翰总是信守诺言。）
误：His word is often kept by John.

特别提醒　　有些动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但改为被动结构后要加上“to”。例如 　　We heard him sing in his room just now. 　　---He was heard to sing in his room just now. 　　刚才听到他在房间中唱歌。 　　need doing something也表示被动 　　一、 被动语态的用法： 　　1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 　　Our classroom is cleaned everyday. 　　I am asked to study hard by my mother. 　　Knives are used for cutting things. 　　2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 　　A new shop was built last year. 　　Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 　　3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 　　This book has been translated into many languages. 　　Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 　　4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 　　A new hospital will be built in our city. 　　Many more trees will be planted next year. 　　5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 　　Young trees must be watered often. 　　Your mistakes should be corrected right now. 　　The door may be locked inside. 　　Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 　　6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 　　Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ 　　My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 　　They are planting trees over there. → 　　Trees are being planted over there by them. 　　7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 　　There are two books to be read. → 　　There are twenty more trees to be planted. 　　二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 　　把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 　　1. 将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语； 　　2. 谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态； 　　3. 主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时by的短语可以省略）； 　　例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 　　2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 　　3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 　　4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 　　5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 　　6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 　　三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 　　1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 　　What will happen in 100 years. 　　The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 　　2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 　　This pen writes well. 　　This new book sells well. 　　3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 　　例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something 　　see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something 　　A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. 　　The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 　　4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 　　He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 　　He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 　　My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 　　5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 　　We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us. 　　He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. 　　The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.