如何用杜邦分析一家上市企业的财务报表和企业经营状况
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社会的不断进步和经济全球化的发展,会计这门公认的“商业语言”更是体现出它的强大的功能:作为“商业语言”的载体——财务报表,正是全面、系统、综合记录了企业经济业务发生的轨迹,因而相关利益人对它的分析越来越关注。世界投资大师巴菲特就曾经说过:“对一家企业进行投资,我主要看这家企业的财务报表。”这是巴菲特站在投资者的立场阐明解读财务报表的重要性;此外,债权人、政府、税务机关、社会公众等在做经济决策时都要分析企业的财务报表;企业经营管理者更是如此。当然,单纯从财务报表的简单数字和文字上得(略..)不出实质性的结果,而要利用一定的分析方法和分析技巧,同时结合实际情况,正确认识财务报表本身的局限性和非正常影响因素,对资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表进行全面综合分析,以便作出科学决策,这个系统的动态过程就是财务报表分析。目前,我国普遍采用的分析方法有比率分析法、比较分析法、趋势分析法以及项目结构分析法等,主要以比率分析法为基础,同时结合各种分析方法从企业的偿债能力、盈利能力、营运能力和发展能力等几个方面对企业的整体财务状况和经营成果作出评价;但是,鉴于财务报表本身的局限性以及分析(略..)方法和分析指标的单一性,财务分析体系需要进一步完善和发展。这篇文章就是基于这种现状的思考,提出了一些观点和看法:首先,充分认识财务报表的局限性;尽可能保证财务报表分析对象——财务报表披露的内容充分、可靠、和透明,使财务报表分析更具有效率和效果;在目前的财务指标体系中修改或增加一些财务指标和非财务指标,完善财务报表分析的指标体系;其次,运用改进后杜邦财务分析体系,克服原有杜邦财务体系短期化局限,对企业的整体盈利能力、偿债能力、资产的营运效率以及持续发展能力进行分析,从长远来评价企业(略..);“现金”为王的理念表明了现金流量表的重要性,因而对现金流量进行着重分析,包括总体流量、结构层次以及指财务指标体系的分析,同时结合资产负债表和利润表,将权责发生制和现金收付制结合起来,进一步完善财务报表分析;为了与国际接轨,引进了新的分析方法和分析理论即自由现金流量分析法和EVA分析法,以求提高分析效率、作出科学决策,同时进一步发展了了我国财务报表分析体系;最后,为使报表分析者正确判断企业的财务状况和经营成果,还要对财务报表附注中的重要项目、注册会计师的审计报告进行分析。
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