推荐回答(4个)
这种假名被称为送假名(送り仮名,おくりがな)。即日语词汇中,汉字后跟随(即所谓“送”)的假名。送假名用来指示前面汉字的读音和词性。这种情况多见于:
①动词连用形(ます形)接名词组成复合名词;
②动词连用形接动词组成复合动词。
①例如:
“暮れ方(くれかた,日暮)”,由“暮れ”加“方”而成,“れ”就是“暮”的送假名,有时也会见到直接写“暮方”的,但是写成“暮方”是不规范的;
②例如:
下さる(くださる,“与える”和“くれる”的敬语,请给我);
下がる(さがる,落下、衰弱);
下りる(おりる,从某处下来)。
三个词都有汉字“下”,根据后面的送假名可以判断出汉字“下”读音分别是“くだ”,“さ”,“お”。
另外,送假名不一定是前面汉字的最后一个假名,根据1973年(昭和43年),日本发布的『送り仮名の付け方』(《送假名的添加方法》),方法规定『活用のある语から転じたもの』『もとの语の送り仮名の付け方によって送る』,即从有活用形的词转变而来的词,其送假名根据原来词的送假名的添加方式来添加,例如:名词“话”是从动词“话す”衍生而来的,所以其送假名加的是し而不是な。
含送假名的词汇,规范写法是写出送假名。有以下两个特殊情况不用写出:
①日常生活中,常用词语的送假名通常会省略,例如:
“受付”规范写法为“受け付け(うけつけ)”
“申込”规范写法为“申し込み(もうしこみ)”
“入口”规范写法为“入り口(いりぐち)”
在复合语中,送假名则应省略,例如“申込用纸”不应写成“申し込み用纸”。
②文部科学省指名了个别词汇要省略送假名,例如:
“话”全写应为“话し(はなし)”;
“光”全写应为“光り(ひかり)”;
“物语”全写应为“物语り(ものがたり)”。
书く,步く,这是一个完整的单词,日语的单词有的是只有汉字,有的是汉字和假名的组合,有的只有假名没有汉字。这两个都是动词的原形。而书い,步き是变形过的形态。变形就先别学了,会把你弄得晕头转向,我看你连什么是单词都还没搞明白。。。
这不是汉字后面加上个平假,而是汉字在训读情况下的固定写法,比如[跑步],念做[あるく],写作[歩く],而动词变形[歩く]的连体形就变成了「あるいて」,写作「歩いて」。
和语词汇都是这样,不像汉语词汇那样只要会音读,把中文写上念念就差不多能念出来,横向扩展也好扩张,和语词汇真的就只能死背。
当然,词汇背下来了,动词形容词变形是有规律的,那个就相对好学了。
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