推荐回答(2个)
四言诗、五言诗和七言诗是中国古代诗歌常见的体裁。其中的“言”,指字。比如,从形式上说,四言诗也就是四个字为一句的古诗。
四言诗是古代产生最早的一种诗体。《诗经》中的《国风》、《小雅》、大雅》等都是以四言诗为基本体裁。在先秦两汉的其他典籍里,如《史记》所载《麦秀歌》,《左传》所载《宋城子讴》、《子产诵》等,也都是以四言体为主。可见,在西周到春秋时期,无论是社会上层还是下层,是娱乐场合还是祭祀场合,最流行的诗体是四言诗。
春秋时期以后,四言诗逐渐衰落,但仍有不少诗人写作四言诗。如三国时期的曹操父子,魏末的嵇康,西晋的陆机、陆云,东晋的陶渊明等。同时,也出现过若干佳作,如曹操的《步出夏门行·龟虽寿》:“老骥伏枥,志在千里。烈士暮年,壮心不已。”人们至今吟诵不绝。
五言诗起源很早,《诗经》里就有一些五言诗句。但它的正式兴起,还是在汉代。汉初的《戚夫人歌》后四句是五言,西汉中后期的乐府民歌,如《汉书·五行志》所载的童谣“邪径败良田,谗口乱善人。桂树华不实,黄雀巢其颠。昔为人所羡,今为人所怜”,也是一篇完整的五言作品。相对于四言诗,五言诗虽然只是增加了一个字,但它增加的是整整一个节奏,因此,句中的容量就大不少,表现功能也强得多,并且给诗句的变化提供了更多余地。
在东汉,无论民间歌谣还是文人创作,都有了长足发展。《饮马长城窟行》、《上山采蘼芜》、《十五从军征》等乐府民歌,都是一些令人注目的作品。班固则是最早从事五言诗写作的文人,他的《咏史》,五言十六句,显示了文人学习民间新诗体之初的现象。后来,又有张衡《同声歌》、秦嘉《赠妇诗》、郦炎《见志诗》等产生。到汉末,随着“古诗十九首”的出现,五言诗达到了相当高的水准。从建安时期开始,五言诗压倒了四言诗,进入了它的全盛时期。
七言诗的起源也很早,在《诗经》中也有一些七言句,如“二之日凿冰冲冲,三之日纳于凌阴”等。到战国晚期,就有以七言为主的劳动歌。荀子的《成相辞》就是采用民歌的体式和腔调。西汉后期的一些谣谚和乐府歌辞,如“画地为狱议不入,刻木为吏期不对”等,都是以七言为主。东汉的张衡写过一篇《四愁诗》,是最早的文人七言作品。之后的曹丕写了《燕歌行》,一般被认为是第一篇成熟的七言诗。魏晋时期,比起五言诗而言,七言诗不受重视。直到初唐,七言诗才逐渐兴盛,产生了许多佳作,如卢照邻的《长安古意》、张若虚的《春江花月夜》等。
七言诗字数比五言、四言多,一句可以表达比较复杂、完整的意思,声调更加舒缓、悠长。唐代以后,五言诗和七言诗成为主要的诗体,四言诗趋于消亡。
每句七个字的是七言律诗,简称「七律」。第二、四、六、八句最后的一个字必须同韵。
五言古诗是中国古代诗歌体裁的一种,全篇由五字句构成。
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