危险品在储存过程中发生火灾的主要原因有哪几种?

2025-03-31 07:59:20
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

根据对全国火灾的统计资料分析,危险品在储存过程中发生火灾的主要原因大致有以下几种:

1.着火源管理控制不严带来火种

着火源是指引起可燃物燃烧的一切热能源,包括明火焰、赤热体、火星、电火花、化学能等。在危险品储存过程中的着火源主要有两个方面:

(1)危险品在运输途中接触烟头、燃放鞭炮时落下的火星等明火,未能及时发现,将火种带入库内阴燃成灾;烟囱飞火、汽车排气管的火星、库房周围的明火作业、吸烟的烟头等外来火种。

(2)内部设备不良、操作不当引起的电火花、撞击火花和太阳能、化学能等。

2.性质相互抵触的物品混存自燃起火

由于危险品保管人员缺乏知识,或者是有些危险品出厂时缺乏鉴定,在产品说明书上没有明确说明而造成性质相互抵触的危险品混存、混放。例如某造漆厂的硝化棉仓库中,放进了环氧树脂固化剂、间苯二甲胺等,因环氧树脂固化剂容器渗漏接触到硝化棉,致使硝化棉立即起火,造成了重大火灾。事后经验证,这种固化剂滴到硝化棉上,经过12s就会发热冒出棕色浓烟而起火。

3.危险品包装损坏或不符合要求导致火灾

化学危险品容器的包装损坏或者出厂的包装不符合安全要求都会引起事故。常见的情况有以下几点:

(1)硫酸坛之间用稻草等易燃物隔垫;

(2)压缩气体气瓶不戴安全帽;

(3)金属钾、钠的容器渗漏;

(4)电石桶内充装的氮气泄漏;

(5)盛装黄磷的容器缺水;

(6)盛装易燃液体的玻璃容器瓶盖不严,瓶身上有泡疵点,受阳光照射而聚焦等。

4.危险品养护管理不善自燃起火

有很多危险品对温度、湿度都有严格的要求,在储存保管过程中如果缺乏养护管理知识,就会导致火灾事故。例如某外国语学院,在电教馆的四楼资料室(32m2)存放203本电影资料片(其中硝酸纤维影片40多本),由于单位的空调设备达不到设计标准,冷风送不到四楼,在空调机组暂停机时硝酸纤维影片自燃起火,大量唱片、电影片、录音带及图书等有声资料和混放在一起的十多部机器设备也葬于火海。

5.违反危险品安全操作规程导致火灾

搬运危险品没有轻装轻卸、码垛过高不稳发生倒桩,在库内改装打包、封焊修理,易燃液体、气体装卸违反安全操作规程等,往往造成事故。

6.危险品库房建筑不符合存放要求导致自燃起火

危险品库房的建筑条件差,建筑设施不适应所储存物品的要求也往往导致火灾事故的发生。

7.电气设备不良、静电接地不好产生电火花

电气设备特别是照明和动力线路,往往由于安装不当或年久失修,绝缘老化、破损造成短路;或是照明灯具烤着可燃物引起火灾;或者由于储罐、管道接地不好致使静电聚积产生放电火花,引起泄漏的可燃气体与空气的混合物爆炸。

8.雷击事故

我国曾多次发生过油罐和棉麻码垛的遭受雷击的事故,例如中国石油天然气总公司所属的黄岛油库,因雷击引起2.3m3土油罐爆炸起火、致使相邻的三个10000m3的金属油罐和一个2.3m3的土油罐相继起火爆炸。大火燃烧了104h,死亡19人,烧掉原油36000t经济损失达1000多万元。

9.危险品着火扑救不当酿成大火

着火时,由于不熟悉危险化学品的性能和灭火方法,使用不当的灭火剂而使火灾扩大,也是小火造成大火的一个原因。例如某市氯碱化工厂的金属钠着火,当地公安消防队到达火场后在没有问清情况下,即铺设水带射水,工人师傅当即劝止,但指挥员又命令利用泡沫扑救,未待工人师傅明白泡沫是什么,水枪手已将泡沫射出,结果小火酿成大火,火灾直接经济损失达400余万元。

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