清朝北京城有多大?

2025-04-05 04:54:49
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

清朝时期的北京城一共有9999.5个房子,今实测东西长7.95千米,南北宽3.1千米,面积24.49平方千米。内、外城面积合计为60.06平方千米,大于明初的南京城,在中国首都中,仅次于唐长安城、北魏洛阳城为第三大城。

北京古城墙,目前可见到的城墙遗迹,只有金、元、明、清四个朝代的,远古的城墙已没有了踪影。明代城墙最宏伟、最完整、最坚固。 

北京的城墙历史大约起源于商代后期。当时在北京地区有燕和蓟等自然生长的方国。 

公元前1045年周灭商后,分封诸侯。武王封帝尧之后于蓟,封召公于燕。后来燕的实力强大了就把蓟吞并了,并迁都于蓟城。据已发现的燕国文化遗址。其分为居住区、墓葬区和古城区3部分。从古城的基址可以看出其呈长方形,东西长850米,南北长约600米,城墙厚约4米,以土夯筑而成。城墙分主城墙、内附墙和护城坡3部分。城垣外有沟池环绕。还应当是我们北京最早的城墙了。燕都蓟城成为战国时的名城。 

战国时期,燕为七雄之一。相传燕昭王即位后筑了黄金台,招聘天下英才。天下的许多人才都跑到燕国来打工,燕国也因此而强盛起来。后来燕昭王派其中的一个叫乐毅的人为上将军,率领大军讨伐齐国,把齐军打的大败。战国末年,秦国派大将王翦领兵攻破燕国,蓟城也跟着被占领。从秦、汉到西晋,蓟城一直都被视为北方的重镇。西汉时汉武帝封其子刘旦为燕王。他在蓟城建有万载宫、明光殿。 

金中都时候的城墙是在辽南京城的基础上扩建的,扩建的方式是在原城址的基础上,在东、西、南三面全部加以扩大,在一定意义上可以说金中都是辽南京城的升级版,从此北京的城郭形式就基本上接近于正方形了。

据说为了扩建金中都,建城墙,当时动用了数十万劳动力,对于当时建城情景有这样的描述,“人置一筐,左右手排立定,自原州至燕传递,空筐出,实筐入,人止土一畚,不日成之。”公元1215年,蒙古军队攻入中都,一把大火烧了整整一个月,金中都城从此全毁。到元代至明初其遗址还有残留,等到嘉靖时修筑外城以后,这些遗迹几乎全部消失。如今只有凤凰嘴村一带,还能够看到一些断断续续的土岗,那就是金中都城墙的遗痕。 

元大都城没有在金中都基础上扩建,金中都毁成那样也没法再扩建了。于是元朝人只好在旧金中都城的东北处另起炉灶修建全新版的新城。新城的形状也是矩形,南北略长,东西略短。元大都的城垣都是由夯土板筑而成,其中有竖柱和横木用来加固城墙。这样的城墙,遇上雨天很容易被雨水冲坏,为了解决这个问题,人们就在城墙顶部用苇衣和管道防水。全新版的城,用的却是简易版的城墙,难怪明朝的时候非要拆它不可。元大都城一共有十一个门。现在建国门南侧的观象台,就是元大都城东南角楼的旧址。

明朝皇帝决定把现成的元大都拆了,要修建全新正式版的北京城。其面积为62平方公里。它把元大都城的北城墙往里缩了2.5公里,又把南城向南推进到前门一带。城门起名叫:正阳门、崇文门、宣武门、朝阳门和阜成门等,这些名字到现在还在用,只是见不着城门楼了。明1564年,又修筑了包围在南郊外面的外罗城,也就是从前人们所说的北京外城。明朝时全城的中心南移。外城的正南门——永定门,为中轴线的起点。整个城墙围绕着中轴线呈现一种平衡对称的审美格局。 

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