储层成因类型与建设性成岩作用

2025-03-28 13:38:20
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

塔中上奥陶统良里塔格组储层的突出特点是发育于礁滩灰岩中的溶蚀孔洞和大型溶洞, 以及由裂缝所连通构成的多种储集体类型。突出的建设性成岩作用为多期多类溶蚀作用,包括同生期、准同生期和表生期大气淡水溶蚀作用, 以及埋藏期热流体溶蚀作用, 因而储层成因类型无疑属岩溶型礁体灰岩储层。

(一)同生期岩溶

同生期岩溶,通常与向上变浅序列的米级旋回 (一般厚1~5m, 横向延伸1~10km)有关。其判别标志包括:①粒(砾)间渗流粉砂充填物、示底构造和粒间溶孔; ②悬垂形和新月形方解石胶结物;③棱柱状、细晶粒状方解石与遭受溶蚀的海底纤状环边方解石呈胶结不整合接触;④铸模孔和粒内溶孔、不规则溶孔和小型溶洞等, 其中以第一种最为常见和可靠。而且, 大气淡水或淡水-海水混合水所携带来的碳酸盐灰泥、粉屑, 充填于生屑 (如棘屑等)的粒(砾)间或生物体腔孔、格架孔中而形成渗流粉砂, 从而在后期成岩作用过程中抑制了棘屑的共轴增生,并在浅埋藏成岩期受白云石化流体作用而白云石化。特别是, 渗流粉砂易被后期的酸性成岩流体溶蚀而形成具粒 (砾)间孔、粒 (砾)间溶孔的孔隙型储层。

上述暴露溶蚀标志, 广泛见于Ⅰ号带内、外带上奥陶统良里塔格组台缘礁滩体中(图版4, 图6)。

(二)准同生期岩溶

准同生期岩溶, 与同生期岩溶的最大区别是: ①发生时间上, 前者与剥蚀作用相伴随,且经历的时间要长一些, 后者与沉积作用相共生;②成岩状态上,前者发生在海底胶结作用后, 甚至浅埋藏早期棱柱状方解石胶结作用后而呈半固结-固结状态, 而后者的作用对象是处于未固结甚至呈松散状态的沉积物; ③溶蚀作用产物上, 前者以发育在每层碳酸盐岩顶面上的不规则状溶沟, 以及层内溶蚀孔洞中不见浅埋藏晚期粒状方解石胶结物,浅埋藏早期棱柱状方解石和海底胶结之纤状环边方解石呈 “残骸” 状甚至荡然无存为突出标志, 表明浅埋藏不久即抬升而遭受强烈的大气淡水淋溶,直到深埋藏期才沉淀块状巨晶方解石。

该类岩溶广泛见于Ⅰ号带上奥陶统良里塔格组台缘礁滩相灰岩中, 尽管限于钻孔而难以在岩心上识别宏观尺度的层面溶蚀现象, 但在薄片中可见典型的微观层间岩溶现象(图版4, 图7)。

(三)表生期岩溶

发育在礁滩体中的表生期岩溶, 其形成均与三级层序的Ⅰ型界面有关。这类界面, 为隆升暴露时间相对较短的岩溶不整合面, 故其上一般不发育古土壤, 但往往残存古河道遗痕(图4-3-1), 而且与上覆地层的不整合以及界面下的大型溶洞均清晰而典型。其典型实例是塔里木台盆区上奥陶统良里塔格组台缘礁滩体。

(四)埋藏期岩溶

埋藏期岩溶实质上为携带CO2、H2S、SO2等化学活动性组分的热流体, 对处于中—深埋藏环境下碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用。其作用对象包括三个方面: ①对原有孔洞缝系统的充填、破坏和扩溶、改造。例如塔里木柯坪、巴楚露头一间房至西克尔地区沿断裂裂缝和早期溶洞充填的萤石矿、塔中45井区热液岩溶区。②沿新产生断裂裂缝, 或再次活动的老断裂进行溶蚀, 产生“树干、树枝状” 孔洞缝系统, 这正是热流体岩溶研究所关注的。③古构造-地貌变迁导致热流体再运移,从而产生新的溶蚀作用和成岩圈闭, 这是目前国内外热流体研究的薄弱环节。

图4-3-1 塔中Ⅰ号台缘带塔中54-826井区良里塔格组灰岩顶面所揭示的古河道遗痕

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