生活中常见的果树病虫害防治有哪些?
寻求比较巧妙的小方法。
推荐回答(5个)
1、掌握病虫发生趋势桃树萎缩病、桃小食心虫、梨树锈病、梨星毛虫、葡萄黑痉病、二点叶蝉、红蜘蛛、郑叶蛾等,虽然它们的消长受温度、湿度、光照等气候条件所制约,但都有它的生活规律。一般果树发芽后、展叶期、开花前和座果膨大期,正是受危害的时间,梨树发芽现绿时正是梨星毛虫、大食心虫幼虫出土为害梨芽的盛期。各个害虫发育历期和进度基本差异不大,我们可根据历期进度标其发生盛期(如桃小食心虫在4月中旬百果产卵1~2粒为轻发年,3~4粒为中等发生年,5~10粒为重发年,10粒以上为特重年)预计发生期、发生量、确定施药防治的适期。每年果树发芽后开花前,用75%百菌清或甲(乙)基托布津混合氧化乐果或辛硫磷对水均匀喷施其枝叶嫩芽,对防治各种病虫有事半功倍之作用。 2、零星点片、三龄之前是树在落花后现青时时,是蛀食害虫第1代幼虫孵化盛期,虫态齐整、数量多而集中,越冬代病原菌孢子也在此时期侵入果体器官。例如,桃小食心虫不仅危害桃树,还危害苹果、梨、杏、枣、李等果树,1年发生2~3代,以第2代受害较重,5月下旬至6月上铖虫开始羽化,6月中旬为产卵盛期,初卵幼虫蛀入果实,果实外表出现针头样一个小黑点,果实因幼虫在内危害,多为猴头状的畸形果。此期也是白粉病流行时期,要抓住零星点生,以初次侵染为主,可选用25%粉锈宁混上50%杀螟松对水均匀喷施,虫害以弱小初孵、食松对水均匀喷施,虫害以弱小初孵、食量小、体型空薄、抗药性差、尚未钻入果实之前喷药防治。 3、主蔟兼治打好总体战 果树病虫害多,有的常年发生,有的偶然发生,要主攻兼治,按照果树上病虫害初发、盛发、末发三个时期,全年要打好三个总体战,即发芽后——开花前(月中下旬至4月上旬)全面喷施百菌清或甲(乙)基托布津混合乐果或敌百虫,防治郑叶虫、梨星毛虫、梨锈病等;开花后——现青果时(5月下旬至6月上旬),全面喷1次20%粉锈宁或40%多菌灵混合辛硫磷或达净松主治梨锈病、霜霉病、细菌性穿孔病、桃小食心虫、梨星毛虫等;保果期(7月中旬至8月上旬),主要防治梨黑斑病、葡萄霜霉病、桃小食心虫、梨黄粉虫、枣洋辣子等病虫害,可用40%多菌灵,混合2.5%敌杀死或20%灭扫利或5%来福灵,按照用量对水喷施。药要喷施均匀,对受害部着重喷,对落叶病、红蜘蛛、蚜虫要喷好叶背面、顶梢,郑叶虫要注意喷好顶梢,桃小食心虫要喷好果顶,以达到经济高效的目的。 4、及早动手,防重于治 果树上各种病虫害均有越冬场所,越冬病虫场所集中,虫龄一致,有利集中一次消灭。如苹果白粉病,在苹果发芽前彻底剪除越冬病芽、病梢,嫩芽发病前及时喷药,掌握各种病虫初次危害时期及时施药防治;桃树缩叶病,在芽鳞片内越冬,随着鳞片开张散发侵染,桃细菌性穿孔病在生病枝腐烂处越冬,在桃树萌芽初期发病侵染,桃小食心虫要在蚁螟未蛀入果实内施药,二点叶蝉在果树发芽时出土产卵于叶片,第1代若虫在5月下旬开始孵化,6月上旬为盛期,卷叶蛾在未卷叶之前要施药,及早动手防重于治才会提高防效。每年早春果树未萌芽用30%呋喃丹,根据果树大小,靠近树根部四周挖30~40厘米,施入200~400克,浇水覆土,其药液被根部吸收而输导枝叶,使一些刺吸性害虫吸毒死亡。
一般条件下,防治果树病虫害的方法有四种,即人工防治、生物防治、物理防治和化学防治方法,其具体内容为:
人工防治是指结合栽培管理,通过施肥、翻土、修剪、疏花疏果来消灭病虫害,或根据病虫发生特点人工捕杀、摘除、刮除来消灭病虫。生产中这种方法用得很多,几乎每种病虫的防治都用得到。如冬季清理落叶落果、刮粗皮、剪病枝,生长季节捕杀天牛、茶翅蝽、金龟子、舟形毛虫等。生物防治是指利用活体自然天敌生物防治病虫。目前我国主要用于防治害虫,可以大量人工繁殖释放的天敌有苏云金杆菌、微孢子虫、昆虫病原线虫、昆虫病毒、白僵菌、赤眼蜂、瓢虫、草蛉、捕食螨等。物理防治利用各种物理因子(光、电、热、风)或器械防治害虫的方法,包括捕杀、诱杀、阻隔、辐照技术的使用等。如黑光灯诱虫,果树涂白驱避害虫产卵,诱蛾器皿内放置糖醋液、性诱剂等。化学防治利用各种来源的化学物质防治病虫的方法。目前主要指化学农药的防治。
冬季,果树进入休眠期,病虫害也进入越冬阶段。也是集中消灭的好时期。对那些源于本地,传播范围有限,腐生(腐食)性比较强的病虫,冬季是消灭的最好的时机。一、清除病残。清扫落叶,集中处理(深埋或高温堆肥),或翻耕将落叶埋入土壤,都具有明显的防病效果。也需要结合修剪,去除病枝或病斑,并带出果园深埋。修剪难免会造成伤口,可在伤口处涂擦愈伤防腐膜防冻、防病菌侵染。二、刮或刷树皮、刮治病斑和喷涂药剂。消灭苹小食心虫、螨类害虫的老熟幼虫、卵或蛹等可以用刮或刷树皮。刮治病斑要在冬末进行,主要针对腐烂病、溃疡病、干腐病等枝杆病害。要想彻底去除病灶,深度也要达到果树的木质部。刮或刷完后一定要喷施新高脂膜+护树将军保护树体防冻、防止病菌复制再次侵染,植株消毒。(袋子)
没有一劳永逸的巧办法,只能是预防为主,及时防治,比如冬季清除果园落叶杂草及病死枝条,发芽前喷5波美度石硫合剂,雨季前节喷波尔多液,雨季高温季节发病高发期注意观察,做到因害施防。
您好!朋友,对此无法回答,不同树种常见病害是不一样的,苹果主要是腐病,梨是绣病。
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