推荐回答(1个)
(一)按花球的颜色分类
花椰菜类蔬菜,根据其花球的颜色可分为4个类型:花椰菜、青花菜、紫花菜、黄花菜。
1.花椰菜
(白花菜)花椰菜(图11-1)中国北方称之为菜花,南方称之为花菜,其花球是由肥大的主花茎和许多短缩的肉质花梗及绒球状花枝顶端集合而成,每一个肉质花梗上有若干个5级花枝组成的小花球体。小花球体致密,形成紧实的肉质花球,花球表面为白色、乳白色;花梗颜色有白色、浅绿色、紫色3种。花椰菜突出的特征为花球白色,植株生长势强,叶片宽大,叶缘全缘无缺刻。
图11-1 白花菜
2.青花菜
3.紫花菜
紫花菜也称紫菜花(图11-2),其花球是由肉质花茎、花梗及紫色花蕾所组成。花球表面颜色有紫红、紫色、灰紫色3种。紫菜花以主茎结球,叶片为长卵形,叶缘无缺刻。紫菜花主要植物学性状界于花椰菜和青花菜之间,其突出的特征为花球紫色,茎、叶脉也为紫色或浅紫色。
图11-2 紫花菜
4.黄花菜
黄花菜也称黄菜花,其花球是由肉质花茎、花梗及黄色肉质花蕾所组成。花球表面为黄色和橘黄色2种,所不同的是前者为花青素形成的色泽,后者为高含量胡萝卜素所致。从花球表面形状黄菜花还可分为螺旋状花球(宝塔状、珊瑚状)和光滑花球2种(图11-3、图11-4),前者为系统进化成,后者为花椰菜与青花菜杂交而成的中间类型。
图11-3 黄花菜(光滑花球)
图11-4 黄花菜(螺旋状花球)
(二)按栽培季节分类
花椰菜品种根据其栽培季节和对环境条件的适应性,又可分为春花椰菜类型、秋花椰菜类型、四季类型和越冬花椰菜类型。
1.春花椰菜类型
指适宜春季栽培的花椰菜品种。其特点是冬性强、幼苗在较低温度条件下能正常生长,而在较高气温下形成花球。目前生产上应用的品种有瑞士雪球、雪峰、玛瑞亚、祁连白雪等。
2.秋花椰菜类型
指适宜秋季栽培的花椰菜品种。其特点是这些品种幼苗在较高温度条件下能正常生长,而在较低气温下形成花球。目前生产上应用的品种有“丰花”系列、“龙峰”系列、“瑞雪特大”系列、秋王70天等。
3.四季类型
指春、秋季均能栽培的品种,该类品种冬性较强、适应性广,如日本雪山、云山1号等。
在生产上春、秋季花椰菜品种不能混用,如将春花椰菜品种用作秋种,虽植株高大,叶片生长茂盛,但由于生育期延长,不能得到商品花球;反之,将秋花椰菜品种春种,则极易出现“先期现球”现象,也得不到正常的商品花球,只有四季类型品种春种或秋种均可获得优质的花球。
4.越冬花椰菜类型
指在黄河以南地区用于越冬栽培的花椰菜品种,这类品种生长期在150d以上,抗寒性强,能耐短期-15℃以下的低温,如冬花204、“傲雪”系列花椰菜等。
(三)按生育期分类
花椰菜品种依其生育期长短及花球发育对温度要求,还可分为极早熟种、早熟种、中熟种、晚熟种和极晚熟种5种类型。
1.极早熟种
从定植到初收花球在40~50d。植株较矮小,生长势弱,叶片狭长细薄,叶色浅绿,单球重0.2~0.4kg。其特点是耐热性强,但冬性弱,对环境条件反应敏感,较易出现先期现球现象。在生产上常用的品种有:丰花50(图11-5)、龙峰40、瑞雪特早45天、早生50等。
图11-5 丰花50
2.早熟种
从定植到初收花球在60~70d。植株较小,株高40~50cm,开展度50~60cm。单球重0.3~0.5kg,植株较耐热、耐湿,但冬性差。在生产上常用的品种有:丰花60(
图11-6 丰花60
3.中熟种
从定植到初收花球在70~90d。植株中等大小,外叶较多,约20~30片。株高60~70cm,开展度70~80cm。花球较大,紧实肥厚,近圆形,单球重0.5~1.0kg。较耐热,冬性较强,要求一定低温花球才能发育。在生产上常用的品种有:津雪88(图11-7)、秋王80天、利民80天、瑞雪特大80天等。
图11-7 津雪88
4.晚熟种
从定植到初收花球在90d以上。植株高大,外叶多,约30~40片。株高60~70cm,开展度80~90cm。花球大,紧实肥厚,近半圆形,单球重1~1.5kg。冬性和耐寒性均较强,但耐热性差。这一类品种如云山1号、瑞雪100天、瑞雪120天、龙峰特大100天、椰丰120天、东海明珠120天(图11-8)冬花系列等。
图11-8 东海明珠120天
图11-9 白马王子140天
5.极晚熟种
从定植到初收花球在140d以上,有些品种达260d,植株高大,生长势强,冬性和耐寒性均很强。株高80~100cm,开展度90~110cm。花球大,紧实肥厚,近半圆形,单球重2~3kg。这类品种多分布于中国南方,如上海市以及湖北、四川省等地。代表品种如十堰240天、冬花240等。
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