推荐回答（1个）
1988年3月，全国人大七届一次会议审议通过《国务院机构改革方案》，决定撤销石油、煤炭、电力3个工业部，成立能源部，将石油工业部的政府职能并入能源部，并在原石油工业部的基础上，组建中国石油天然气总公司。经国务院同意，8月29日，国务院办公厅转发能源部《关于组建中国石油天然气总公司的报告》，规定：“总公司建立以后，原石油工业部在国家陆地全境石油、天然气的生产建设和经营管理职能，由总公司行使”；“总公司具有法人资格，保留正部级待遇，并逐步过渡到按经济实体经营；在国家方针、政策指导下，自主经营，独立核算，统负盈亏”；“总公司由能源部归口管理，在国家计划中单列户头”。9月17日，中国石油天然气总公司成立，迈出了从政府部门向经济实体转变的第一步。与此同时，原来由石油工业部负责业务管理的中国海洋石油总公司，归口能源部直接管理。
中国石油天然气总公司成立当年，就面临两大严峻挑战：一是陆上石油发生全行业政策性亏损，当年亏损7.4亿元，到1990年累计亏损130.3亿元；二是储量接替不上，原油产量徘徊不前，连续4年停滞在1.36亿～1.37亿吨水平。
为解决陆上石油工业巨额亏损问题，推动油气生产走上良性循环轨道，国务院在加大政策扶持力度的同时，决定从1991年到1995年期间，对中国石油天然气总公司实行“四包”（包新增石油地质储量、包新增天然气地质储量、包原油产量、包天然气产量）和“两定”（定石油工业建设总工作量、定原油生产亏损总额）的承包经营责任制。
从产量包干责任制、生产经营责任制到资产经营责任制的改革，促进了石油企业管理理念、管理方式和经营机制的转变，推动石油企业从以生产为中心转向以提高经济效益为中心，从产品生产者转变为商品经营者，逐步走上自负盈亏、自我发展的道路，出现了产量和效益同步增长的好势头。1991—1997年，中国石油天然气总公司的原油产量从1.37亿吨增加到1.43亿吨，天然气产量从148.4亿立方米上升为171.8亿立方米，分别增长4.4%和15.8%；销售收入从536.1亿元提高到1678.3亿元，增长213.1%。1994年结束了连续6年的政策性亏损，1997年实现利润102.6亿元，恢复了全国工业企业利税大户地位。
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