车祸使脑里有淤血产生水肿手术后有什么后遗症

2024-11-29 16:45:23
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

  手术后遗症:颅脑损伤的手术后遗症是最难评估的。那要看损伤的是大脑的那个部位,要是那块区域的大脑组织没什么功能,那就没什么事情;要是那块区域是管视力的,那要是损伤严重的话,就会出现失明,也有可能出现视力减退,当然也有可能什么都不会。所以最关键是看损伤的部位,以及该部位损伤的严重程度,来决定撞伤后的后遗症。而不是手术后的后遗症,手术只是把病人的损伤降低到最小限度而已。

  鼻饲营养液:

  颅脑损伤患者,一般昏迷时期多数在一月以内恢复,最短者24h,长者可达数年之久。重型颅脑损伤昏迷时间较长。重型颅脑损伤,尤其是急性期,患者不能进食、头痛、恶心、呕吐,并且伴有意识障碍,因此,必须依靠输液、输血、静脉高营养来维持营养。临床上输液常用5%葡萄糖盐水500ml,加10%葡萄糖溶液1000ml,其全日热量值2100kJ,不能满足颅脑损伤急性期营养的需要。

  颅脑损伤急性期,由于组织的分解、手术的负担、高热的干扰,使机体的热量消耗更加增多,体内氮丢失量平均每日约10g左顺,接近于300g肌肉组织的损失。因此,急性期蛋白质的补充是一个重要的问题。根据实验室测定,正常人如缺乏蛋白质,热量必须在3058kJ以上,才可减少机体负氮平衡。而颅脑损伤病人由于长期高热,必须摄入10g氮(每g氮相当于6.25g蛋白质),即需62.5g蛋白质。还需11760kJ的热量才能维持机体的正氮平衡。但实际上患者很难摄入此量。因此,常常体重下降,长期营养摄入不足,就会出现低蛋白血症。如100ml血液内的血浆蛋白每减少1g蛋白质,就丧失组织蛋白1030g。所以,不论在颅脑损伤急性期或慢性期,凡不能进食的患者,都应注意营养。应根据患者有无高热、出汗、长期脱水、气管切开与是否给予激素等情况,采用鼻饲饮食,以满足营养需要。

  (1)鼻饲饮食原则

  ①蛋白质:颅脑损伤急性期,由于易出现负氮平衡,蛋白质的供给必须适宜。每日每公斤体重应为1~2g,占总热量的12~20%。否则血液中蛋白质不足,易引起脑水肿,全身性营养水肿以及机体抵抗力降低,合并高热、感染、肺炎等,更可影响机体的恢复。

  ②脂肪 脂肪可按每日每公斤体重1~2g供给,占总热量的20~30%。脂肪能保护末梢神经,如缺乏脂肪,使脑细胞及神经细胞不易构成,影响脑组织恢复。

  ③碳水化物:碳水化物对急性颅脑损伤更为重要,由于患者有意识障碍,手术、高热、不能摄食等情况,使机体消耗更加严重。若合并脑水肿,脑组织能量供给不足,都需要葡萄糖来补充,每kg体重约需5~6g碳水化物,应占总热量的60~65%。

  ④无机盐:颅脑损伤急性期,钠每天排出量由正常人的100mmol减少至5~20mmol。一般开颅术后前三天常出现钠潴留,一周左右恢复正常。如不能经口进食,钠入量每kg体重不可高于1.15mmol。

  成人每天钾出入量为2~3g。颅脑损伤或手术后,体内蛋白质分解快,钾排出量也增加。在分解代谢中平均每1g氮,随有2.7mmol的钾排出。因此,当机体呈负氮平衡时,钾也出现负平衡。如钾入量不足或禁食,可引起低血钾,故在静脉输液或鼻饲时,应增加氯化钾3g,以补充不足。高血钾时,可限制含钾多的食物。所以必须结合患有无高热、呕吐、呼吸紊乱、大量出汗、气管切开、激素治疗等情况,考虑钾、钠的供给量问题。

  ⑤维生素B1、C对颅脑的关系:维生素B1能调节神经系统功能,因脑细胞要从碳水化物中获得能量。当维生素B1缺乏时,葡萄糖就不能充分产生能量,乳酸就会以丙酮酸的形式堆积在脑中,产生一定毒性作用。如大量补充维生素B1,能减少颅脑损伤后引起的精神症和健忘等症状,供给量为60~80mg。

  醒后营养:

  也是要高营养饮食。包括高热量、高脂肪、高蛋白。只要能吃的下的,在医生的许可下,就可以大胆的去吃。

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