推荐回答(2个)
一、是它的“形”、“色”独特。有的器物模仿商周时期的青铜器造型,倍受大家青睐,这种生产技术和制作工艺一直沿袭至清代晚期。此时,虽然制作工艺、烧制技术等与宋代钧窑瓷器有所区别,但是,由于成功率低,数量少,大家一直都在竞相购买与收藏。当时清代中晚期民间有这样一句:“家有财产万贯,不如钧窑瓷器一件”的说法,可谓钧窑瓷器当时在百姓心目中的地位和对它至臻至爱的程度了!
二、是它具有独特的制作工艺和烧造技术。据史料记载,钧窑瓷器采用特别的土质,烧造成器后呈坚硬的香灰胎,又因瓷器釉面采用铜、硅、锰等特殊矿物原料作浆刷制,再经1200—1300度的高温烧造成器后出现窑变,颜色达到万件无重样的神奇效应,有人把宋代钧窑瓷器说成“入窑一色,出窑万彩”,此比喻是最恰当不过了。
三、是有的瓷器釉面出现好像蚯蚓爬过的痕迹,俗称“蚯蚓走泥纹”;有的瓷器釉面恰似霞光四射,巍丽壮观;有的瓷器颜色外紫内蓝等,栩栩如生。
四、是钧窑瓷器小巧玲珑。俗话说:“钧瓷无大器”。钧窑瓷器虽小,但是它小中见大,小而不俗;还因它的做工精湛、工艺独特,历来倍受收藏的喜爱。
五、是宋代钧窑瓷器一般圈足露胎处无挂釉,仅外底部有一层较薄的釉子,有的直接没有或者是似釉非釉。到了元、清时期,众多窑址生产的钧窑瓷器,圈足和底部均采用酱油釉,有的留下块块颜色较深的斑点。
六、是宋代钧窑瓷器的口沿和外侧凸出的部分呈香灰色,釉面有的出现棕眼,有的呈现乳光。
七、是凡带有“一”至“十”编号的瓷器,其器型从大到小排列,即“十”最小“一”最大。
八是圈足与器面下方之间常有较厚积釉。
1、蚯蚓走泥纹
宋代钧窑因为釉面较厚,煅烧时釉面翻滚,釉中所含金属分子重量不同,有的浮在表面,有的沉在釉底,冷却时釉面上下收缩温度不一致,往往留下不规则的细线状流动痕迹,被后人称为“蚯蚓走泥纹”。宋代钧窑瓷大多都有“蚯蚓走泥纹”,这是鉴定时比较重要的依据。
2、器型
宋钧窑主要器型有:花盆、盆托、盘、碗、洗、炉、尊等。
3、纹饰
宋钧窑以釉色美取胜,因此除了堆凸乳钉、弦纹以外,一般没有其他纹饰。
4、釉色
宋代钧窑瓷器的釉具有釉层凝厚,釉质乳浊, 釉层纹理深沉,釉面流动的特点,厚莹的釉层泛出宝石般柔美的光泽。釉色主要有:月白釉、天蓝釉、天青釉、玫瑰紫釉、丁香紫、葡萄紫釉、海棠红。
5、釉的特征
钧瓷以釉色见长, 器表没有任何人为的装饰,但由于釉的活动方向和流纹长短不同,在釉面上形成“泪痕纹”、“兔丝纹”,特别是釉层在干燥时或烧成初期发生干裂,后来在高温阶段又被黏度较低的部分流人而填补裂缝所形成的“蚯蚓走泥纹”为典型。
6、胎体特征
官钧:宋代官钧的胎是一种浅灰胎,很致密。从胎体观察,钧瓷的原料选择很严,因为从露胎的表面到胎心没有杂质,没有颗粒不均匀的现象,也没有沙子。原料的加工相当精细严格,在放大镜下看到的是细密、均匀,没有断裂和大小不均匀的颗粒。捏练和陈腐均很到家,成型烧出的器物致密程度通体一致, 没有任何鼓泡、变形现象,也有紫口铁足的特点。
民钧:胎质相差较大,有的叩之可有金属声,有的则是声音发糠,但总的倾向是胎质粗松。官钧在施釉上一般及底足,较少露胎,而民钧则露胎较多。
7、器底
宋钧窑瓷底足有釉,圈足多麻酱色。钧窑瓷器底刻有“一”到“十”的数字铭文,并非所有钧窑瓷器都有此铭文,这主要见于尊、盘、盆、奁和洗之上,其铭文在烧制以前刻上。
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